Before Sexual Intercourse 

Hormonal contraceptives work by preventing ovulation, meaning the egg and sperm cannot meet. Additionally, they help reduce the risk of ovarian and uterine cancer. These contraceptives contain estrogen and/or progestins. 

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) prevent sperm from entering the uterus and reaching the egg. There are two types of IUDs: one hormonal, which contains a progestin, and one copper-based. 

However, neither hormonal contraceptives nor IUDs protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). 

During Sexual Intercourse 

The condom (also called a preservative) and the diaphragm (also called a female condom) are barrier methods. The condom protects against sexually transmitted infections and, moderately, against unwanted pregnancies. The diaphragm, however, does not provide the same level of protection against pregnancies or infections. 

Other contraceptive methods, such as pills, suppositories, and spermicide creams, are not very effective when used alone. Their protection increases when used alongside other methods.

Natural Methods 

The Ogino-Knaus method calculates the woman’s potentially fertile days, but it works better if the menstrual cycle is regular. The Billing method involves observing the cervical mucus, but it can be inaccurate due to many factors. 

Coitus interruptus involves stopping the intercourse just before ejaculation, but this method is not very effective. 

Each contraceptive method is different and may be more suitable for one person than another. It is always best to consult your doctor or gynecologist to choose the right method. 

After Sexual Intercourse 

After unprotected sex, there are emergency contraception methods to prevent an unwanted pregnancy. There are two types: pharmacological (morning-after pill) and non-pharmacological (copper IUD). 

➔ Pharmacological Contraception 

The “morning-after pill” is a tablet containing hormones. It should be taken as soon as possible after unprotected intercourse, preferably within 24 hours. It does not protect against other high-risk intercourse in the same cycle and does not protect against STIs. 

There are two types of morning-after pill: 

• Levonorgestrel: should be taken within 72 hours of intercourse. ● Ulipristal acetate: should be taken within 120 hours of intercourse. 

These medications prevent fertilization, but they do not work if ovulation has already begun.

➔ Non-Pharmacological Contraception 

The copper IUD can be used as an emergency contraception method. It must be inserted by a gynecologist within 48 hours of unprotected intercourse and can prevent pregnancy in 99% of cases. This device does not contain hormones and can also be used as a long-term contraceptive. 

The IUD works by preventing sperm from reaching the egg and by altering the uterus lining, making it unsuitable for pregnancy. 

➔ Side Effects and Contraindications 

Side effects such as headaches or abdominal pain can occur but are rare. In general, hormonal contraceptives have no serious contraindications. 

The IUD may cause pain, cramps, or infections, and it is not recommended for young women who have not had children.